轨到轨：铁路建设和电子运算放大器

摘要：铁路已经有多年了，其实，近轨到轨的轨到轨组件。运算放大器采用相同的近轨到轨的传统。本应用笔记讨论了轨至轨运算放大器，并解释了为什么一些输入和输出可以是小于，接近或略高于电源轨。Maxim>AppNotes>AmplifierandComparatorCircuitsKeywords:railtorail,opamps,input,output,signalswings,beyondtherails,MOS,bi-polar,CMOS,Pinputpair,Ncommon-mode,supplySep28,2009bias,currentchanges,signmagnitude,crossover,distortion,NPN,PNP,impedance,matchphase,reversal,latchup,overdriveAPPLICATIONNOTE4428Rail-to-Rail:RailroadingandtheElectronicsofOpAmpsBy:BillLaumeister,StrategicApplicationsEngineerAbstract:Railroadshavehadrail-to-railcomponentsforyearsthatwere,infact,nearlyrailtorail.Opampsemploythesamenearlyrail-to-railtradition.Thisapplicationnotediscussesrail-to-railopamps,andexplainswhysomeinputsandoutputscanbelessthan,nearly,orslightlymorethanthepowerrails.IntroductionF